Acceptability, feasibility, and individual preferences of blood-based HIV self-testing in a population-based sample of adolescents in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Identifieur interne : 000678 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000677; suivant : 000679Acceptability, feasibility, and individual preferences of blood-based HIV self-testing in a population-based sample of adolescents in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Auteurs : Serge Tonen-Wolyec [Gabon] ; Salomon Batina-Agasa ; Jérémie Muwonga ; Ralph-Sydney Mboumba Bouassa [Gabon, France] ; Charles Kayembe Tshilumba ; Laurent Bélec [France]Source :
- PloS one [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2019.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Acceptation des soins par les patients (psychologie), Acceptation des soins par les patients (statistiques et données numériques), Adolescent (MeSH), Antigènes du VIH (sang), Assistance (méthodes), Dépistage de masse (méthodes), Femelle (MeSH), Gestion de soi (enseignement et éducation), Gestion de soi (psychologie), Gestion de soi (statistiques et données numériques), Humains (MeSH), Infections à VIH (diagnostic), Infections à VIH (immunologie), Infections à VIH (virologie), Jeune adulte (MeSH), Modèles logistiques (MeSH), Mâle (MeSH), Préférence des patients (psychologie), Préférence des patients (statistiques et données numériques), République démocratique du Congo (MeSH), Sensibilité et spécificité (MeSH), Sérodiagnostic du SIDA (méthodes), Trousses de réactifs pour diagnostic (MeSH), VIH-1 (Virus de l'Immunodéficience Humaine de type 1) (immunologie), VIH-2 (Virus de l'Immunodéficience Humaine de type 2) (immunologie), Études de faisabilité (MeSH), Études transversales (MeSH).
- MESH :
- diagnostic : Infections à VIH.
- enseignement et éducation : Gestion de soi.
- immunologie : Infections à VIH, VIH-1 (Virus de l'Immunodéficience Humaine de type 1), VIH-2 (Virus de l'Immunodéficience Humaine de type 2).
- méthodes : Assistance, Dépistage de masse, Sérodiagnostic du SIDA.
- psychologie : Acceptation des soins par les patients, Gestion de soi, Préférence des patients.
- sang : Antigènes du VIH.
- statistiques et données numériques : Acceptation des soins par les patients, Gestion de soi, Préférence des patients.
- virologie : Infections à VIH.
- Adolescent, Femelle, Humains, Jeune adulte, Modèles logistiques, Mâle, République démocratique du Congo, Sensibilité et spécificité, Trousses de réactifs pour diagnostic, Études de faisabilité, Études transversales.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- AIDS Serodiagnosis (methods), Adolescent (MeSH), Counseling (methods), Cross-Sectional Studies (MeSH), Democratic Republic of the Congo (MeSH), Feasibility Studies (MeSH), Female (MeSH), HIV Antigens (blood), HIV Infections (diagnosis), HIV Infections (immunology), HIV Infections (virology), HIV-1 (immunology), HIV-2 (immunology), Humans (MeSH), Logistic Models (MeSH), Male (MeSH), Mass Screening (methods), Patient Acceptance of Health Care (psychology), Patient Acceptance of Health Care (statistics & numerical data), Patient Preference (psychology), Patient Preference (statistics & numerical data), Reagent Kits, Diagnostic (MeSH), Self-Management (education), Self-Management (psychology), Self-Management (statistics & numerical data), Sensitivity and Specificity (MeSH), Young Adult (MeSH).
- MESH :
- chemical , blood : HIV Antigens.
- geographic : Democratic Republic of the Congo, Reagent Kits, Diagnostic.
- diagnosis : HIV Infections.
- education : Self-Management.
- immunology : HIV Infections, HIV-1, HIV-2.
- methods : AIDS Serodiagnosis, Counseling, Mass Screening.
- psychology : Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Patient Preference, Self-Management.
- statistics & numerical data : Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Patient Preference, Self-Management.
- virology : HIV Infections.
- Adolescent, Cross-Sectional Studies, Feasibility Studies, Female, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Sensitivity and Specificity, Young Adult.
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Adolescents living in sub-Saharan Africa constitute a vulnerable population at significant risk of HIV infection. This study aims to evaluate the acceptability, feasibility, and accuracy of home-based, supervised HIV self-testing (HIVST) as well as their predictors among adolescents living in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).
METHODS
A cross-sectional, door-to-door survey using a blood-based HIV self-test and a peer-based supervised HIVST approach was conducted from July to August 2018 in Kisangani, DRC. The acceptability and feasibility of HIVST were assessed among adolescents' consenting to use and interpret HIV self-test. The accuracy of HIVST was estimated by the sensibility and specificity of adolescent-interpreted HIV self-test. Factors associated with acceptability and feasibility of HIVST were analyzed with logistic regression.
RESULTS
A total of 628 adolescents (including 369 [58.8%] females) aged between 15 and 19 years were enrolled. Acceptability of HIVST was high (95.1%); 96.1% of participants correctly used the self-test, and 65.2% asked for verbal instructions. The majority of adolescents (93.5%) correctly interpreted their self-test results. The Cohen's κ coefficient between the results read by adolescents and by supervisors was 0.62. The correct interpretation decreased significantly when adolescents had no formal education or attended primary school as compared to those currently attending university (37.0% versus 100%; adjusted OR: 0.01 [95% CI: 0.004-0.03]). In the hands of adolescents at home, the sensitivity of the Exacto Test HIV Self-test was estimated at 100%, while its specificity was 96.0%. The majority of participants (68.0%) affirmed that post-test counseling was essential, and that face-to-face counseling (78.9%) was greatly preferred.
CONCLUSIONS
Home-based, supervised HIVST using a blood-based self-test and peer-based approach can be used with a high degree of acceptability and feasibility by adolescents living in Kisangani, DRC. Misinterpretation of test results is challenging to obtaining good feasibility of HIVST among adolescents with poor educational level. Face-to-face post-test counseling seems to be preferred among Kisangani's adolescents.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218795
PubMed: 31260480
PubMed Central: PMC6602204
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
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Gabon.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gabon</country><wicri:regionArea>Ecole Doctorale Régionale D'Afrique Centrale en Infectiologie Tropicale, Franceville</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Franceville</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bunia, Bunia, Democratic Republic of the Congo.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Democratic Republic of the Congo</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Democratic Republic of the Congo</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Batina Agasa, Salomon" sort="Batina Agasa, Salomon" uniqKey="Batina Agasa S" first="Salomon" last="Batina-Agasa">Salomon Batina-Agasa</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Democratic Republic of the Congo</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muwonga, Jeremie" sort="Muwonga, Jeremie" uniqKey="Muwonga J" first="Jérémie" last="Muwonga">Jérémie Muwonga</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire National de Référence du Sida et des IST, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Democratic Republic of the Congo</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Programme National de lutte Contre le VIH/SIDA et les IST, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Democratic Republic of the Congo</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mboumba Bouassa, Ralph Sydney" sort="Mboumba Bouassa, Ralph Sydney" uniqKey="Mboumba Bouassa R" first="Ralph-Sydney" last="Mboumba Bouassa">Ralph-Sydney Mboumba Bouassa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ecole Doctorale Régionale D'Afrique Centrale en Infectiologie Tropicale, Franceville, Gabon.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gabon</country><wicri:regionArea>Ecole Doctorale Régionale D'Afrique Centrale en Infectiologie Tropicale, Franceville</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Franceville</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire de virologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, and Université Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de virologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, and Université Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Paris-Descartes</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kayembe Tshilumba, Charles" sort="Kayembe Tshilumba, Charles" uniqKey="Kayembe Tshilumba C" first="Charles" last="Kayembe Tshilumba">Charles Kayembe Tshilumba</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Democratic Republic of the Congo</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Belec, Laurent" sort="Belec, Laurent" uniqKey="Belec L" first="Laurent" last="Bélec">Laurent Bélec</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire de virologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, and Université Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de virologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, and Université Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Paris-Descartes</orgName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PloS one</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2019" type="published">2019</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>AIDS Serodiagnosis (methods)</term><term>Adolescent (MeSH)</term><term>Counseling (methods)</term><term>Cross-Sectional Studies (MeSH)</term><term>Democratic Republic of the Congo (MeSH)</term><term>Feasibility Studies (MeSH)</term><term>Female (MeSH)</term><term>HIV Antigens (blood)</term><term>HIV Infections (diagnosis)</term><term>HIV Infections (immunology)</term><term>HIV Infections (virology)</term><term>HIV-1 (immunology)</term><term>HIV-2 (immunology)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Logistic Models (MeSH)</term><term>Male (MeSH)</term><term>Mass Screening (methods)</term><term>Patient Acceptance of Health Care (psychology)</term><term>Patient Acceptance of Health Care (statistics & numerical data)</term><term>Patient Preference (psychology)</term><term>Patient Preference (statistics & numerical data)</term><term>Reagent Kits, Diagnostic (MeSH)</term><term>Self-Management (education)</term><term>Self-Management (psychology)</term><term>Self-Management (statistics & numerical data)</term><term>Sensitivity and Specificity (MeSH)</term><term>Young Adult (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Acceptation des soins par les patients (psychologie)</term><term>Acceptation des soins par les patients (statistiques et données numériques)</term><term>Adolescent (MeSH)</term><term>Antigènes du VIH (sang)</term><term>Assistance (méthodes)</term><term>Dépistage de masse (méthodes)</term><term>Femelle (MeSH)</term><term>Gestion de soi (enseignement et éducation)</term><term>Gestion de soi (psychologie)</term><term>Gestion de soi (statistiques et données numériques)</term><term>Humains (MeSH)</term><term>Infections à VIH (diagnostic)</term><term>Infections à VIH (immunologie)</term><term>Infections à VIH (virologie)</term><term>Jeune adulte (MeSH)</term><term>Modèles logistiques (MeSH)</term><term>Mâle (MeSH)</term><term>Préférence des patients (psychologie)</term><term>Préférence des patients (statistiques et données numériques)</term><term>République démocratique du Congo (MeSH)</term><term>Sensibilité et spécificité (MeSH)</term><term>Sérodiagnostic du SIDA (méthodes)</term><term>Trousses de réactifs pour diagnostic (MeSH)</term><term>VIH-1 (Virus de l'Immunodéficience Humaine de type 1) (immunologie)</term><term>VIH-2 (Virus de l'Immunodéficience Humaine de type 2) (immunologie)</term><term>Études de faisabilité (MeSH)</term><term>Études transversales (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="blood" xml:lang="en"><term>HIV Antigens</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" xml:lang="en"><term>Democratic Republic of the Congo</term><term>Reagent Kits, Diagnostic</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnosis" xml:lang="en"><term>HIV Infections</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnostic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à VIH</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="education" xml:lang="en"><term>Self-Management</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="enseignement et éducation" xml:lang="fr"><term>Gestion de soi</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à VIH</term><term>VIH-1 (Virus de l'Immunodéficience Humaine de type 1)</term><term>VIH-2 (Virus de l'Immunodéficience Humaine de type 2)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>HIV Infections</term><term>HIV-1</term><term>HIV-2</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>AIDS Serodiagnosis</term><term>Counseling</term><term>Mass Screening</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="méthodes" xml:lang="fr"><term>Assistance</term><term>Dépistage de masse</term><term>Sérodiagnostic du SIDA</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="psychologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Acceptation des soins par les patients</term><term>Gestion de soi</term><term>Préférence des patients</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="psychology" xml:lang="en"><term>Patient Acceptance of Health Care</term><term>Patient Preference</term><term>Self-Management</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="sang" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antigènes du VIH</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="statistics & numerical data" xml:lang="en"><term>Patient Acceptance of Health Care</term><term>Patient Preference</term><term>Self-Management</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="statistiques et données numériques" xml:lang="fr"><term>Acceptation des soins par les patients</term><term>Gestion de soi</term><term>Préférence des patients</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à VIH</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>HIV Infections</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Cross-Sectional Studies</term><term>Feasibility Studies</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Logistic Models</term><term>Male</term><term>Sensitivity and Specificity</term><term>Young Adult</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Humains</term><term>Jeune adulte</term><term>Modèles logistiques</term><term>Mâle</term><term>République démocratique du Congo</term><term>Sensibilité et spécificité</term><term>Trousses de réactifs pour diagnostic</term><term>Études de faisabilité</term><term>Études transversales</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>BACKGROUND</b></p><p>Adolescents living in sub-Saharan Africa constitute a vulnerable population at significant risk of HIV infection. This study aims to evaluate the acceptability, feasibility, and accuracy of home-based, supervised HIV self-testing (HIVST) as well as their predictors among adolescents living in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>METHODS</b></p><p>A cross-sectional, door-to-door survey using a blood-based HIV self-test and a peer-based supervised HIVST approach was conducted from July to August 2018 in Kisangani, DRC. The acceptability and feasibility of HIVST were assessed among adolescents' consenting to use and interpret HIV self-test. The accuracy of HIVST was estimated by the sensibility and specificity of adolescent-interpreted HIV self-test. Factors associated with acceptability and feasibility of HIVST were analyzed with logistic regression.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>A total of 628 adolescents (including 369 [58.8%] females) aged between 15 and 19 years were enrolled. Acceptability of HIVST was high (95.1%); 96.1% of participants correctly used the self-test, and 65.2% asked for verbal instructions. The majority of adolescents (93.5%) correctly interpreted their self-test results. The Cohen's κ coefficient between the results read by adolescents and by supervisors was 0.62. The correct interpretation decreased significantly when adolescents had no formal education or attended primary school as compared to those currently attending university (37.0% versus 100%; adjusted OR: 0.01 [95% CI: 0.004-0.03]). In the hands of adolescents at home, the sensitivity of the Exacto Test HIV Self-test was estimated at 100%, while its specificity was 96.0%. The majority of participants (68.0%) affirmed that post-test counseling was essential, and that face-to-face counseling (78.9%) was greatly preferred.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></p><p>Home-based, supervised HIVST using a blood-based self-test and peer-based approach can be used with a high degree of acceptability and feasibility by adolescents living in Kisangani, DRC. Misinterpretation of test results is challenging to obtaining good feasibility of HIVST among adolescents with poor educational level. Face-to-face post-test counseling seems to be preferred among Kisangani's adolescents.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">31260480</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>18</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>09</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1932-6203</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>14</Volume><Issue>7</Issue><PubDate><Year>2019</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>PloS one</Title><ISOAbbreviation>PLoS One</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Acceptability, feasibility, and individual preferences of blood-based HIV self-testing in a population-based sample of adolescents in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>e0218795</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1371/journal.pone.0218795</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND">Adolescents living in sub-Saharan Africa constitute a vulnerable population at significant risk of HIV infection. This study aims to evaluate the acceptability, feasibility, and accuracy of home-based, supervised HIV self-testing (HIVST) as well as their predictors among adolescents living in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS">A cross-sectional, door-to-door survey using a blood-based HIV self-test and a peer-based supervised HIVST approach was conducted from July to August 2018 in Kisangani, DRC. The acceptability and feasibility of HIVST were assessed among adolescents' consenting to use and interpret HIV self-test. The accuracy of HIVST was estimated by the sensibility and specificity of adolescent-interpreted HIV self-test. Factors associated with acceptability and feasibility of HIVST were analyzed with logistic regression.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS">A total of 628 adolescents (including 369 [58.8%] females) aged between 15 and 19 years were enrolled. Acceptability of HIVST was high (95.1%); 96.1% of participants correctly used the self-test, and 65.2% asked for verbal instructions. The majority of adolescents (93.5%) correctly interpreted their self-test results. The Cohen's κ coefficient between the results read by adolescents and by supervisors was 0.62. The correct interpretation decreased significantly when adolescents had no formal education or attended primary school as compared to those currently attending university (37.0% versus 100%; adjusted OR: 0.01 [95% CI: 0.004-0.03]). In the hands of adolescents at home, the sensitivity of the Exacto Test HIV Self-test was estimated at 100%, while its specificity was 96.0%. The majority of participants (68.0%) affirmed that post-test counseling was essential, and that face-to-face counseling (78.9%) was greatly preferred.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS">Home-based, supervised HIVST using a blood-based self-test and peer-based approach can be used with a high degree of acceptability and feasibility by adolescents living in Kisangani, DRC. Misinterpretation of test results is challenging to obtaining good feasibility of HIVST among adolescents with poor educational level. Face-to-face post-test counseling seems to be preferred among Kisangani's adolescents.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tonen-Wolyec</LastName><ForeName>Serge</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-7734-7729</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ecole Doctorale Régionale D'Afrique Centrale en Infectiologie Tropicale, Franceville, Gabon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bunia, Bunia, Democratic Republic of the Congo.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Batina-Agasa</LastName><ForeName>Salomon</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Muwonga</LastName><ForeName>Jérémie</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire National de Référence du Sida et des IST, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Programme National de lutte Contre le VIH/SIDA et les IST, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mboumba Bouassa</LastName><ForeName>Ralph-Sydney</ForeName><Initials>RS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ecole Doctorale Régionale D'Afrique Centrale en Infectiologie Tropicale, Franceville, Gabon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire de virologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, and Université Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kayembe Tshilumba</LastName><ForeName>Charles</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bélec</LastName><ForeName>Laurent</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire de virologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, and Université Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2019</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>01</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>PLoS One</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101285081</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1932-6203</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D015488">HIV Antigens</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D011933">Reagent Kits, Diagnostic</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015492" MajorTopicYN="N">AIDS Serodiagnosis</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000379" MajorTopicYN="N">methods</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000293" MajorTopicYN="N">Adolescent</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003376" MajorTopicYN="N">Counseling</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000379" MajorTopicYN="N">methods</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003430" MajorTopicYN="N">Cross-Sectional Studies</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015023" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">Democratic Republic of the Congo</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005240" MajorTopicYN="N">Feasibility Studies</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015488" MajorTopicYN="N">HIV Antigens</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000097" MajorTopicYN="N">blood</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015658" MajorTopicYN="N">HIV Infections</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000175" MajorTopicYN="Y">diagnosis</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="N">immunology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="N">virology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015497" MajorTopicYN="N">HIV-1</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="Y">immunology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015498" MajorTopicYN="N">HIV-2</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="Y">immunology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016015" MajorTopicYN="N">Logistic Models</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008403" MajorTopicYN="N">Mass Screening</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000379" MajorTopicYN="N">methods</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010342" MajorTopicYN="N">Patient Acceptance of Health Care</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000523" MajorTopicYN="Y">psychology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000706" MajorTopicYN="N">statistics & numerical data</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D057240" MajorTopicYN="N">Patient Preference</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000523" MajorTopicYN="Y">psychology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000706" MajorTopicYN="N">statistics & numerical data</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011933" MajorTopicYN="N">Reagent Kits, Diagnostic</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000073278" MajorTopicYN="N">Self-Management</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000193" MajorTopicYN="N">education</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000523" MajorTopicYN="Y">psychology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000706" MajorTopicYN="N">statistics & numerical data</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012680" MajorTopicYN="N">Sensitivity and Specificity</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D055815" MajorTopicYN="N">Young Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><CoiStatement>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2019</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>19</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2019</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>09</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2019</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>2</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2019</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>2</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>19</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">31260480</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0218795</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">PONE-D-19-04892</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC6602204</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>J Biopharm Stat. 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